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SAE Battery Standards committees prepare for next-gen chemistries

“We’re just at the beginning of a steep growth curve for both electric vehicles and energy storage, and SAE International is going to play a huge role in that by setting the standards that are necessary to move it all forward,” said Robert Galyen, chairman of SAE's Battery Standards Steering Committee.
Galyen oversees 22 ground vehicle SAE battery committees. He spoke with Automotive Engineering about battery trends, technology, grid storage and standards, on the opening day of the 2016 Battery Show in Novi, MI.
As lithium batteries become commonplace in electrified vehicles, battery standards are evolving. SAE’s J1797 standard for electric vehicle battery packaging set the stage 20 years ago for vehicle electrification.
“We put J1797 in ‘stabilized mode’ within the last two months because it’s antiquated for what’s happening today,” said Galyen, noting J1797 was written in 1996 and became an industry standard in 1998. “That was at a time when nickel metal-hydride and lead-acid batteries were being used,” he explained.
Specific Li-ion battery standards address a variety of aspects, including materials, labeling, and safety.
“We have a cadre of engineers working on all the standards specific to today’s Li-ion batteries, and we have a committee specific to next-generation batteries as we want standards to be ahead of when next-generation battery technology reaches the market,” Galyen said.
Packaging system needed
SAE's Advanced Battery Concepts Committee will release their first technical information report this year.
“We typically write recommended practices, which are put in place to drive the industry to a common footprint or a common methodology of application," Galyen explained. "But this committee’s core role is to inform the general public about what’s going on.”
SAE’s Ground Vehicle and Aerospace groups share information related to the safe shipping and transport of Li-ion batteries.
“Because we have such a large group of people working on Li-ion batteries for products that go on vehicle applications and bus applications, it only makes sense to have these experts involved,” said Galyen, noting the aerospace group’s G27 is responsible for writing this battery packaging shipment safety standard.
The U.S. and many other countries have outlawed the shipping and transport of Li-ion batteries in the cargo bay of passenger aircraft, an area that’s unattended and inaccessible during flight.
“We need to create a packaging system that will contain these Li-ion batteries in such a way that fire cannot propagate," he asserted. "We don’t want the fire extinguishing system to be needed in the first place."
Autonomous EVs
Galyen expects all SAE Battery Standards committees will stay busy for some time, given the brisk growth rate of electrified vehicles in various global markets, particularly China. He believes the automotive sector is on the cusp of an "energy revolution."
An additional boon for electrified powertrains will come from the advent of SAE Level 4 and 5 autonomous vehicles. According to Denise Gray, CEO/President of LG Chem Power Inc., who spoke at the conference, autonomous vehicles and electrified powertrains go hand in hand. She noted that key support technologies include advanced batteries.

Aero-slick Land Rover Discovery sheds 1,058 lb, gains features

Jaguar Land Rover engineers continue to achieve significant vehicle mass reductions, this time with the new generation Land Rover Discovery. Shifting to aluminum construction for the bodyshell instead of steel and complemented by an intensive light weighting program for the whole car, has yielded a remarkable 480 kg (1,058 lb) saved compared with the previous model. This exceeds even the 420kg (925 lb) reduction of the Range Rover in 2012 when it was switched to an aluminum-intensive architecture.
The new Discovery, revealed at the 2016 Paris Motor Show closely echoes the Discovery Vision Concept which debuted at the 2014 New York Auto Show. For the production car, Land Rover has abandoned a steel body on a steel frame for an aluminum monocoque.
“The figure of 480 kg may sound almost incredible but we have checked it out many times!” said Alex Heslop, Chief Program Engineer. “And the Cd for the new car is 0.33 compared to 0.40 for the previous Discovery.” The combination of weight shedding and efficient aerodynamics help deliver improved performance and reduced emissions.
Single-piece bodysides
The new monocoque also allowed what he described as “a versatile, spacious seating solution (for seven 1.95-percentile adults) like no other.” Seats are configurable from a smartphone as part of what Land Rover claims as a “world first” remote Intelligent Seat Fold solution.
Those seats are also part of the weight saving achievement, using light weight high strength steel (HSS). Extensive use of high strength aluminum alloy has been incorporated within the crash structure. The whole bodyside of the car is stamped as a single panel to reduce joint count and improve rigidity, and the underside of the Discovery is also stamped from a single aluminum blank to enhance structural integrity.
Of the total monocoque, 85% is aluminum, with 43% of that recycled. Simplified exhaust and driveline systems also save weight and magnesium is used for the instrument panel crossbeam, a now common application for the material. Across the Discovery range, best unladen weight is 2115 kg (4662 lb), the company claims. Luggage space is a maximum 2406 L (85 ft3).\
Connect capability includes 9 USB ports, four 12-V charging points and an in-car 3G WiFi hotspot for 8 devices.
Tough test regime
Heslop emphasized that the car is as good or better off-road as the previous Discovery and has a wading depth capability of 500 mm (20 in, increased by 200mm/8 in), which he said is close to flotation point!
Combining both tough terrain ability and fine ride quality is a salient aspect of all Land Rover products. The new car has “optimized” steel front and rear subframes to meet stiffness and steering response requirements and overall chassis refinement.
Suspension is fully independent with wide-space double wishbones at the front, and the multi-link configuration at the rear also has an integral link, to deliver stiffer damping without decaying comfort or impact absorption performance.
Air suspension is an option, lowering the car 60 mm (2.4 in) for easier loading or raising it 75mm (3 in) for very rough terrain driving. Regular ground clearance is 283mm (11 in, an increase of 43mm/1.7 in), approach angle 34º, break-over angle 27.5º, departure angle 30º.
The new Discovery was developed using an exceptionally tough test regime, Heslop told Automotive Engineering. Land Rover refers to “a full program” of virtual testing before a physical prototype was built that included sand dune impacts. It used Exa Corp.’s PowerFLOW to support aerodynamic, engine and brake cooling design, running more than 1000 simulations (equating to approximately 12 million CPU hours).
The physical prototypes underwent some 35,000 individual tests of all components and systems. “Every new system has been developed for a reason, to enhance ownership experience, delivering greater convenience and versatility,” said Nick Collins, Discovery Vehicle Line Director.
Engine line-up includes a 177-kW (237 hp) version of JLR’s Ingenium 4-cylinder diesel delivering a claimed 500 N•m (369 lb•ft). It gets the Discovery to 100 km/h in 8.3 s, the engineers claim. Common rail injection pressure is 2200 bar. The range also includes a 3.0-L V6 gasoline with 250 kW (348 hp) output and 450 N•m (332 lb•ft). All engines get 8-speed ZF auto transmission. A 2-speed transfer box is standard.
New 'Nose Load Measurement'
Chassis systems are extensive and include All-Terrain Progress system (allowing the driver to set crawl speeds from 2 km/h to 30 km/h), controlling engine and braking. It also gets Terrain Response 2, automatically monitoring driving conditions that span regular driving to rock crawl via gravel, sand and mud modes.
Maximum towing capacity is 3500 kg (7716 lb) and Advanced Tow assist is available. A semi-autonomous system for reversing, the driver uses a rotary switch on the central console after configuring requirements on the car’s central screen. Responsive trajectory lines help the driver, with information fed from cameras fitted to the car’s door mirrors.
A claimed “industry-first” is Nose Load Measurement that facilitates a quick check on weight being applied to the towbar by the trailer to ensure it is within a 129-kg (284 lb) limit. It can be operated via the Discovery’s touchscreen or a smartphone.
The new Discovery has clear aesthetic links to other Land and Range Rover models but it has its own identity and carries over some cues from the previous four generations including a stepped roofline, and stadium seating, with each row higher than that in front.
Interior packaging improvements
Vehicle length is 4970 mm (196 in) on a wheelbase of 2922 mm (115 in). Height is 1846 mm (72.6 in) and width including mirrors 2220 mm (87.4 in).
Packaging has been a major aspect of all Discovery iterations. Its new Seat Fold system facilitates reconfiguration of the second and third seat rows using controls at the rear of the car, the central touchscreen, or a smartphone app. So a vehicle occupant could change the seat layout while in a store buying a bulky item.
The Discovery has a one-piece upward opening tailgate but there is also a powered, fold-down panel that doubles as a load restraint and also as a 285-mm-long (11.2-in) bench for event seating such as horse shows. It is designed to support a weight of 300 kg (661 lb), to cope with the Discovery’s occupants consuming an exceptionally good picnic lunch.
The interior is premium-led and the Discovery comes in a variety of trimsets.
A quirky design detail is the use of an asymmetric license plate recess that continues a link to the rear of Discovery generations past. Some skeptics may regard it as a slip, decades ago, of the designer’s pencil—but Land Rover insists that it really is meant to be like that.

Chemicals to produce for happiness

Happiness - what is it?
The dictionary defines it as 'a mental or emotional state of well-being defined by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy'... What gives people these pleasant emotions differs from person to person, meaning that everyone's version of happiness can be different.
For me, happiness is sitting in front of the fire with a cat on my lap and a glass of wine in my hand - Yes, I am easily pleased! But for many people, when you ask what happiness means to them they say:
'winning the lottery'
'having no financial worries'
'being on holiday'
or simply 'surrounded by my family and friends'.
The good new is, that we can create our own happiness - and it starts with being realistic. Winning the lottery isn't realistic - so does that mean if you don't win, you'll forever remain depressed/unhappy/heavy-hearted? No! Of course it doesn't, happiness depends on you. When your parents/teachers/older siblings said to you 'life is what you make it' - they were right!
Positive emotions produce a range of chemicals in our brain.
Dopamine - Also known as our 'motivation molecule'. It boosts our drive, focus and concentration so that we can achieve our goals. It allows us to have feelings of enjoyment, bliss, and even euphoria.
Too little dopamine can leave you unfocused, unmotivated, lethargic, and even depressed.
Serotonin - A molecule of happiness! This neurotransmitter is produced when we do something we like - reading a book, exercising, being with friends and family. Low serotonin is linked to depression.
Oxytocin - Widely referred to as 'the love hormone'. This hormone plays a role in social activities and bonding.
Endorphins - These are the natural chemicals in the body that fight pain. They are released when a person gets hurt, exercises, laughs or gets sexually intimate.
So, if these four chemicals are important in making us feel happy, we need to do activities that promote production of these. What have you done lately?

Pick something this week from this list and do it - increase your happy hormones!
1) Set a short term goal and achieve it.
2) Read a book.
3) Meet up with friends.
4) Exercise for 30 minutes (pick something you know you enjoy).
5) Laugh with people.
6) Watch a film you've been dying to see for ages.
7) Phone a friend you've been meaning to phone for a while.
8) Cook something you've not made before and sit down with a loved one and have some time out. Discuss what's been good about your week.
9) Have some 'alone time' with your other half - no distractions.
10) Go somewhere you've not been before and have an adventure.
11) Have a massage - they produce lots of oxytocin!